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1.) Trikote® 3-layer HDPE (Trilaminate)

2.) Yellowkote 2-layer HDPE

3.) Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE)

4.) Dual layer Fusion Bonded Epoxy (2FBE)

5.) Innerkote internal linings

1.) Trikote® 3-layer HDPE (Trilaminate)

 

Trikote® is a multilayer, thermoplastic coating designed to provide maximum long term corrosion resistance and mechanical protection to steel pipe. The system was developed for use in demanding pipeline environments where superior adhesion, cathodic disbondment and impact resistance properties are essential to maintaining pipeline integrity.

It consists of the 3 following components which are simultaneously applied to the pre-heated pipe to form a homogenous barrier against corrosion. The system is typically available in yellow or black:-

i) A primary layer of thermosetting fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) powder that adheres to the heated steel substrate providing the corrosion protection and

ii) A secondary layer of adhesive polymer resin that reacts chemically with the previously applied FBE to act as a bonding agent and

iii) A third layer of high density polyethylene (HDPE) that bonds with the previously applied adhesive resin providing mechanical protection to the system

Available in pipe sizes from NB80 to NB1,500. The system is also available with a polypropylene topcoat layer (3-layer PP) in lieu of polyethylene. This allows service temperatures up to 120°C for severe applications.

 

Benefits:

Service temperature up to 80°C (85°C peaks)

Excellent flexibility and corrosion resistance (impervious to moisture)

Excellent adhesion to steel and extremely resistant to soil stresses

Superb impact/abrasion resistance (minimizes need for finely graded padding for the trench. Also reduces incidents of coating damage during handling, transportation & construction)

Coating thickness can be customer specified dependent on project requirements

Compatible with most known field joint protection systems

Technically superior to 2-layer HDPE systems

Complies with Canadian CAN/CSA-Z245.21-2002 (Australian standard pending)

 

Disadvantages:

May shield cathodic protection

Higher cost than standard 2-layer HDPE systems to AS1518-2002

 

Trikote® system performance tests to Canadian CAN/CSA-Z245.21-2002

Test

Acceptance criteria

Typical value

Cathodic disbondment 28 day/1.5V @ 20°C †

≤12mm radial disbondment

<7mm

Cathodic disbondment 24hr/3.5V @ 65°C

≤7mm radial disbondment

<3mm

Peel adhesion (25mm width)

≥150N

>500N

HDPE tensile stress at yield †

>17Mpa

>20Mpa

Elongation at break †

≥300%

>500%

Flexibility @ 2.5° p/p/d/l †

No cracking of HDPE

Pass

Impact resistance 3J/mm of coating thickness †

No holidays

>5J/mm

† Coating qualification/compliance tests only

 

Coating thickness guidelines:-

Material

Min. thickness

Max. thickness

Standard fusion bonded epoxy (FBE)

120µm

250µm +

Adhesive copolymer resin

100µm

250µm +

High density polyethylene (HDPE)

1,000µm

3,500µm +

Composite coating thickness

1,220µm

4,000µm +

 

The degree of abrasion and impact resistance can be greatly enhanced by increasing the thickness of the HDPE topcoat material making the coating suitable for extremely demanding applications.

 

2.) Yellowkote 2-layer HDPE

 

Yellowkote is a dual layer, thermoplastic coating designed to provide medium term corrosion protection to steel pipe. The system was developed in North America in the 1960’s to replace asphalt/coal tar coatings and consists of the 2 following components:-

 

i) A primary layer of rubberized asphalt adhesive that adheres to the steel substrate providing the corrosion protection and

ii) A second layer of high density polyethylene (HDPE) that provides mechanical protection to the system

Available in pipe sizes from NB60 to NB600

 

Benefits:

Service temperature up to 55°C maximum

Good corrosion resistance and flexibility

Cost effective coating system

Complies with AS1518-2002


Disadvantages:

May shield cathodic protection

Limited operating temperature

Adhesive layer reported prone to termite attack

Susceptible to high soil stresses

Mastic adhesive layer and HDPE jacket are not chemically bonded

Limited to medium diameter pipe sizes

 

Yellowkote system performance tests to AS1518-2002

Test

Acceptance criteria

Typical value

Cathodic disbondment 28 day/3.0mA @ 20°C †

≤12mm radial disbondment

<10mm

Peel adhesion (25mm width) †

≥3N

>15N

HDPE tensile stress at yield

>17Mpa

>20Mpa

Elongation at break †

≥400%

>500%

† Coating qualification/compliance tests only

 

Coating thickness guidelines:-

Material

Min. thickness

Max. thickness

Rubberized adhesive

150µm

200µm

High density polyethylene (HDPE)

1,000µm

1,500µm

Composite coating thickness

1,150µm

1,700µm

 

Additional thickness for mechanical protection may be achieved by double coating.

 

3.) Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE)

 

Fusion bonded epoxy is a powder coating designed to provide long term corrosion protection to steel pipe. The system was developed for the protection of pipelines operating at elevated temperatures where coating adhesion and resistance to soil stresses and cathodic disbondment are required. It consists of:-

 

i) A single layer of cured thermosetting epoxy resin powder as the corrosion barrier (no other mechanical protection) applied by electrostatic charge to a preheated pipe. As with the Trikote® system, pipe pre-heat is achieved through the use of high frequency electrical induction heating.

Available in pipe sizes from NB80 to NB1,500

 

Benefits:

Service temperature up to 90°C maximum (110°C intermittent in dry soil conditions)

Excellent corrosion resistance

Excellent flexibility at thickness ≤ 500µm

Excellent adhesion to steel and extremely resistant to soil stresses

Compatible with most known field joint protection systems

Does not shield cathodic protection

Complies with AS3862-2002


Disadvantages:

Susceptible to damage during handling, transportation & pipeline construction

Limited impact resistance

Hydroscopic material leading to increased cathodic protection demand as pipeline ages

 

FBE & Dual layer FBE (2FBE) system performance tests to AS3862-2002 (Table B3)

Test

Acceptance criteria

Typical value

Cathodic disbondment 28 day/3.0mA @ 65°C †

≤13mm radial disbondment

<7mm

Cathodic disbondment 28 day/3.0mA @ 20°C †

≤7mm radial disbondment

<4mm

Cathodic disbondment 24hr/3.0mA @ 65°C

≤6mm radial disbondment

<3mm

Adhesion

Rating ≤2

≤2

Hot water immersion 24hr @ 98°C

Rating ≤2

≤2

Cross sectional/interfacial foaming

Rating ≤2

≤2

Flexibility @ 3.75° p/p/d/l for thickness ≤600µm

No cracking

Pass

Impact resistance of 1.5J/ for thickness ≤550µm

No holidays

Pass

Impact resistance of 3.0J/ for thickness >550µm

No holidays

Pass

† Coating qualification/compliance tests only

 

Coating thickness guidelines:-

Material

Min. thickness

Max. thickness

Standard fusion bonded epoxy (FBE)

400µm

600µm

 

In accordance with AS3862, a minimum coating thickness of 400µm is recommended. However, coating thickness will be greatly influenced by pipeline operating temperature, intended service application and many other factors. Coating flexibility is reduced at thicknesses >600µm.

 

4.) Dual layer Fusion Bonded Epoxy (2FBE)

 

Dual layer fusion bonded epoxy is a 2-component powder coating designed to provide long term corrosion resistance and mechanical protection to steel pipe. The system was principally developed for road/river crossing and HDD applications where resistance to abrasion and gouging are considered important. It consists of:- 

 

i) A primary layer of thermosetting epoxy resin powder as the corrosion barrier applied by electrostatic charge to a preheated pipe and

ii) A secondary layer of abrasion and impact resistant epoxy resin powder to provide mechanical protection

As with the Trikote® and single layer FBE system, pipe pre-heat is achieved through the use of high frequency electrical induction heating.

 

Available in pipe sizes from NB80 to NB1,500

 

Benefits:

Service temperature up to 90°C maximum (110°C intermittent in dry soil conditions)

Excellent corrosion resistance

Provides excellent abrasion resistance at thicknesses 700µm

Excellent adhesion to steel and extremely resistant to soil stresses

Compatible with most known field joint protection systems

Does not shield cathodic protection

Complies with AS3862-2002


Disadvantages:

Poor flexibility at higher coating thicknesses

More expensive than most coating systems

Hydroscopic material leading to increased cathodic protection demand as pipeline ages

Limited impact resistance at thickness ≤500µm

 

2FBE system performance tests to AS3862-2002

Test

Acceptance criteria

Typical value

Refer to table under section 3.) above

As above

As above

 

Coating thickness guidelines:-

Material

Min. thickness

Max. thickness

Standard fusion bonded epoxy (FBE)

250µm

400µm

Abrasion resistant FBE

250µm

1,100µm +

Composite coating thickness

500µm

1,500µm +

 

Coating thickness will be greatly influenced by intended service application and many other factors. Coating flexibility is greatly reduced at thicknesses >600µm.

 

5.) Innerkote internal linings

 

Two component liquid epoxy coatings are generally thin film systems designed to provide corrosion protection and chemical resistance to the internal pipeline surface in the period preceding pipeline commissioning. Principally developed to enhance gas flow efficiency (potentially reducing pipeline compression requirements) and to maintain pipe bore cleanliness. The cured coating also tolerates hydrostatic testing, helps to reduce pipeline pigging and drying cycle times and minimizes fouling and damage to valves thereby saving on costs. It consists of:-

 

i) A two pack liquid epoxy paint spray applied to pre-blasted steel to form a tightly adherent and glossy finish

 

Available in pipe sizes from NB100 to NB750. The coating can be applied before or after external coating operations depending on specific project logistics.

 

Benefits:

No service temperature limitation

Excellent adhesion and flexibility

Minimises build up of dust in pipe interior

Easily repaired

Complies with API RP5L2-2002

Lower pipeline maintenance & operating costs

Significant reduction in pigging costs and pipeline drying times

Increased flow & reduced pressure drops between compressor stations


Disadvantages:

Upfront cost may not be offset by operational savings on short and/or small bore pipelines

 

Innerkote system performance tests to API RP5L2-2002

Test

Acceptance criteria

Typical value

Degree of cure (4hrs immersion in thinner)

No blistering

Pass

Adhesion

No lifting or flaking

Pass

Flexibility (Full bend around 13mmØ mandrel)

No cracking or flaking

Pass

Water immersion (4 hrs)

No blistering

Pass

 

Coating thickness guidelines:-

Material

Min. thickness

Max. thickness

2 pack liquid epoxy 'flowline'

50µm

100µm

 

Coating thickness will be greatly influenced by intended service application and many other factors. High build epoxy systems for transmission of aviation fuel and other mediums are also available.

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