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1.) Trikote® 3-layer HDPE (Trilaminate)
Trikote® is a multilayer,
thermoplastic coating designed to provide maximum long term corrosion resistance and mechanical protection to steel pipe. The system was developed for use in demanding pipeline environments where superior adhesion, cathodic disbondment and impact resistance properties are essential to maintaining pipeline integrity.
It consists of the 3 following components which are simultaneously applied to the pre-heated pipe to form a homogenous barrier against corrosion. The system is typically available in yellow or black:-
i) A primary layer of thermosetting fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) powder that adheres to the heated steel substrate providing the corrosion protection and
ii) A secondary layer of adhesive polymer resin that reacts chemically with the previously applied FBE to act as a bonding agent and
iii) A third layer of high density polyethylene (HDPE) that bonds with the previously applied adhesive resin providing mechanical protection to the system
Available in pipe sizes from NB80 to NB1,500. The system is also available with a polypropylene topcoat layer (3-layer PP) in lieu of polyethylene. This allows service temperatures up to 120°C for severe applications.
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Benefits:
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Service temperature up to 80°C (85°C peaks) |
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Excellent flexibility and corrosion resistance (impervious to moisture) |
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Excellent adhesion to steel and extremely resistant to soil stresses |
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Superb impact/abrasion resistance (minimizes need for finely graded padding for the trench. Also reduces incidents of coating damage during handling, transportation & construction) |
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Coating thickness can be customer specified dependent on project requirements |
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Compatible with most known field joint protection systems |
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Technically superior to 2-layer HDPE systems |
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Complies with Canadian CAN/CSA-Z245.21-2002 (Australian standard pending) |
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Disadvantages:
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May shield cathodic protection |
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Higher cost than standard 2-layer HDPE systems to AS1518-2002 |
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Trikote® system performance tests to Canadian CAN/CSA-Z245.21-2002
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Test |
Acceptance criteria |
Typical value |
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Cathodic disbondment 28 day/1.5V @
20°C † |
≤12mm radial disbondment |
<7mm |
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Cathodic disbondment 24hr/3.5V @ 65°C |
≤7mm radial disbondment |
<3mm |
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Peel adhesion (25mm width) |
≥150N |
>500N |
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HDPE tensile stress at yield † |
>17Mpa |
>20Mpa |
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Elongation at break † |
≥300% |
>500% |
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Flexibility @ 2.5° p/p/d/l † |
No cracking of HDPE |
Pass |
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Impact resistance 3J/mm of coating thickness † |
No holidays |
>5J/mm |
† Coating qualification/compliance tests only
Coating thickness guidelines:-
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Material |
Min. thickness |
Max. thickness |
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Standard fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) |
120µm |
250µm + |
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Adhesive copolymer resin |
100µm |
250µm + |
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High density polyethylene (HDPE) |
1,000µm |
3,500µm + |
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Composite coating thickness |
1,220µm |
4,000µm + |
The
degree of abrasion and impact resistance can be greatly enhanced
by increasing the thickness of the HDPE
topcoat material making the coating suitable for extremely demanding
applications.
2.) Yellowkote 2-layer HDPE
Yellowkote is a dual layer, thermoplastic coating designed to provide medium term corrosion protection to steel pipe. The system was developed in North America in the 1960’s to replace asphalt/coal tar coatings and consists of the 2 following components:-
i)
A primary layer of rubberized asphalt adhesive that adheres
to the steel substrate providing the corrosion protection
and
ii)
A second layer of high density polyethylene (HDPE) that provides mechanical protection to the system
Available
in pipe sizes from NB60 to NB600
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Benefits:
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Service temperature up to 55°C maximum |
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Good corrosion resistance and flexibility |
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Cost effective coating system |
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Complies with AS1518-2002 |
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Disadvantages:
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May shield cathodic protection |
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Limited operating temperature |
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Adhesive layer reported prone to termite attack |
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Susceptible to high soil stresses |
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Mastic adhesive layer and HDPE jacket are not chemically bonded |
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Limited to medium diameter pipe sizes |
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Yellowkote system performance tests to AS1518-2002
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Test |
Acceptance criteria |
Typical value |
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Cathodic disbondment 28 day/3.0mA @ 20°C † |
≤12mm radial disbondment |
<10mm |
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Peel adhesion (25mm width) † |
≥3N |
>15N |
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HDPE tensile stress at yield |
>17Mpa |
>20Mpa |
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Elongation at break † |
≥400% |
>500% |
† Coating qualification/compliance tests only
Coating thickness guidelines:-
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Material |
Min. thickness |
Max. thickness |
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Rubberized adhesive |
150µm |
200µm |
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High density polyethylene (HDPE) |
1,000µm |
1,500µm |
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Composite coating thickness |
1,150µm |
1,700µm |
Additional thickness for mechanical protection may be achieved by double coating.
3.) Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE)
Fusion bonded epoxy is a powder coating designed to provide long term corrosion protection to steel pipe. The system was developed for the protection of pipelines operating at elevated temperatures where coating adhesion and resistance to soil stresses and cathodic disbondment are required. It consists of:-
i)
A single layer of cured thermosetting epoxy resin powder as
the corrosion barrier (no other mechanical protection)
applied by electrostatic charge to a preheated pipe. As with
the Trikote® system, pipe pre-heat is achieved through the use of high frequency electrical induction heating.
Available in pipe sizes from NB80 to NB1,500
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Benefits:
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Service temperature up to 90°C maximum (110°C intermittent in dry soil conditions) |
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Excellent corrosion resistance |
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Excellent flexibility at thickness ≤ 500µm |
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Excellent adhesion to steel and extremely resistant to soil stresses |
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Compatible with most known field joint protection systems |
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Does not shield cathodic protection |
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Complies with AS3862-2002 |
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Disadvantages:
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Susceptible to damage during handling, transportation & pipeline construction |
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Limited impact resistance |
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Hydroscopic material leading to increased cathodic protection demand as pipeline ages |
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FBE & Dual layer FBE (2FBE) system performance tests to AS3862-2002
(Table B3)
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Test |
Acceptance criteria |
Typical value |
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Cathodic disbondment 28 day/3.0mA @ 65°C † |
≤13mm radial disbondment |
<7mm |
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Cathodic disbondment 28 day/3.0mA @ 20°C † |
≤7mm radial disbondment |
<4mm |
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Cathodic disbondment
24hr/3.0mA @ 65°C |
≤6mm radial disbondment |
<3mm |
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Adhesion |
Rating ≤2 |
≤2 |
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Hot water immersion 24hr @ 98°C |
Rating ≤2 |
≤2 |
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Cross sectional/interfacial foaming |
Rating ≤2 |
≤2 |
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Flexibility @ 3.75° p/p/d/l for thickness ≤600µm |
No cracking |
Pass |
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Impact resistance of 1.5J/ for thickness ≤550µm |
No holidays |
Pass |
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Impact resistance of 3.0J/ for thickness >550µm |
No holidays |
Pass |
† Coating qualification/compliance tests only
Coating thickness guidelines:-
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Material |
Min. thickness |
Max. thickness |
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Standard fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) |
400µm |
600µm |
In accordance with AS3862, a minimum coating thickness of 400µm is recommended. However, coating thickness will be greatly influenced by pipeline operating temperature, intended service application and many other factors. Coating flexibility is reduced at thicknesses >600µm.
4.) Dual layer Fusion Bonded Epoxy (2FBE)
Dual layer fusion bonded epoxy is a 2-component powder coating designed to provide long term corrosion resistance and mechanical protection to steel pipe. The system was principally developed for road/river crossing and HDD applications where resistance to abrasion and gouging are considered important. It consists of:-
i) A primary layer of thermosetting epoxy resin powder as the corrosion barrier applied by electrostatic charge to a preheated pipe and
ii) A secondary layer of abrasion
and impact resistant epoxy resin powder to provide
mechanical protection
As with the Trikote® and single layer FBE system, pipe pre-heat is achieved through the use of high frequency electrical induction heating.
Available in pipe sizes from NB80 to NB1,500
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Benefits:
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Service temperature up to 90°C maximum (110°C
intermittent in dry soil conditions) |
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Excellent corrosion resistance |
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Provides excellent abrasion resistance at thicknesses
≥700µm |
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Excellent adhesion to steel and extremely resistant to soil stresses |
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Compatible with most known field joint protection systems |
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Does not shield cathodic protection |
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Complies with AS3862-2002 |
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Disadvantages:
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Poor flexibility at higher coating thicknesses |
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More expensive than most coating systems |
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Hydroscopic material leading to increased cathodic protection demand as pipeline ages |
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Limited impact resistance at thickness ≤500µm |
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2FBE system performance tests to AS3862-2002
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Test |
Acceptance criteria |
Typical value |
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Refer to table under section 3.) above |
As above |
As above |
Coating thickness guidelines:-
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Material |
Min. thickness |
Max. thickness |
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Standard fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) |
250µm |
400µm |
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Abrasion resistant FBE |
250µm |
1,100µm + |
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Composite coating thickness |
500µm |
1,500µm + |
Coating thickness will be greatly influenced by intended service
application and many other factors. Coating flexibility is greatly
reduced at thicknesses >600µm.
5.) Innerkote internal linings
Two component liquid epoxy coatings are generally thin film systems designed to provide corrosion protection and chemical resistance to the internal pipeline surface in the period preceding pipeline commissioning. Principally developed to enhance gas flow efficiency (potentially reducing pipeline compression requirements) and to maintain pipe bore cleanliness. The cured coating also tolerates hydrostatic testing, helps to reduce pipeline pigging and drying cycle times and minimizes fouling and damage to valves thereby saving on costs. It consists of:-
i) A two pack liquid epoxy paint spray applied to pre-blasted steel to form a tightly adherent and glossy finish
Available in pipe sizes from NB100 to NB750.
The coating can be applied before or after external coating
operations depending on specific project logistics.
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Benefits:
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No service temperature limitation |
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Excellent adhesion and flexibility |
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Minimises build up of dust in pipe interior |
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Easily repaired |
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Complies with API RP5L2-2002 |
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Lower pipeline maintenance &
operating costs |
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Significant
reduction in pigging costs and pipeline drying times |
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Increased flow & reduced pressure
drops between compressor stations |
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Disadvantages:
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Upfront cost may not be offset by
operational savings on short and/or small bore pipelines |
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Innerkote
system performance tests to API RP5L2-2002
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Test |
Acceptance criteria |
Typical value |
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Degree of cure (4hrs immersion in thinner) |
No blistering |
Pass |
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Adhesion |
No lifting or flaking |
Pass |
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Flexibility (Full bend around 13mmØ mandrel) |
No cracking or flaking |
Pass |
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Water immersion (4 hrs) |
No blistering |
Pass |
Coating thickness guidelines:-
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Material |
Min. thickness |
Max. thickness |
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2 pack liquid epoxy 'flowline' |
50µm |
100µm |
Coating thickness will be greatly influenced by intended service application and many other factors. High build epoxy systems for transmission of aviation fuel and other mediums are also available.
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